Surveying instrument.



M J. LORRAINE. SURVEYING INSTRUMENT.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 18, 1913.

Patented Nov. 10, 1914.

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- Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Nov. 10, 1914.

Application filed, November 18', 1913, Serial No. 801,618.,

at all whom it may eaacem:

B" it known that I, MAnrsonJ. LoRnA'INE,

' a citizen of the United States, residing in the city and county of'San Francisco and State of California, have invented a new'and useful 1 Improvement in Surveying Instruments, of which the following is a specification. f The object of my invention is to provide a hand operated, simple, ready, efli cient, and inexpensive instrument to be used by civil engineers, surveyors, timber cruisers, and others in their surveying operations.

My device is illustrated inthe accompanying drawings, in which- J Figure 1 is a side elevation of the instinment held upright and inclined in a ver'-' tical plane with the pendulum plumb. Fig. 2 isa'cro-ss section on the line m-y, orth'e zero line, with the pendulum at the zero line.

' The drawings are made to actual size.

The instrument consistsof'an are shaped plate A, almost semicircular in shape to which is directly" suspended a freely'swinging pendulum The plate has a straight edge e. preferably at right-angles to the center ine of the plate. At the ex tremities of the side a are hand lugs a a with theirupper edges slightly higher than and parallel to c,to facilitate sighting along the top of one lug to the other, on which is asight pin D. The lugs are intended to support the instrument upright-upon the hands-of operator whilens'mg it to perform certain of its functions.

In the design shown in thedrawingsA is meets a base-plateand has applied to one face a thin sheet F, of paper, white celluloid, metal, or other material on which are placed either printed, etched, or cut-graduated arcs having'a' common center E at-the center: of

the arc of the base-plate.

, instrument shown the inner arc is gradu,

ated in degrees; the. middle one in altitudes of 16 feet, and; fractions thereof, with a given base of 100 feet; and the outer one to represent a rise or fall of 5 feetvertical for each 100 feet of linear horizontal distance, the first 20 feet of rise beinglgradhated to smaller divisions ofl feet. The pendulum B is loosely, attachedrdirectly to the plate,

by a pivot E at thecenter common to the Zgraduatedlarcs and the Mod the plate. In

' the lower end of the pendulum are formed openings of suflicient size to show, separately,

thefigures of the graduated arcs and-the,

In the form of sheet to the face of the base plate, and to which it is fastened by means of nails or screws applied at the edge of the plate. In Fig. 2. is shown a pendulum clamp H secured to the back of the'pl'ate by fastenings h h. In the same figure is shown, attached to the back of the pendulum, a layer, e, ofcloth rubber, or other material, the purpose' of which will be hereafter explained,

' The instrument, as designed and shown, a.

performs four function's:

First. Takin'g'topography to ascertain the rise or fall of ground slopes. When so used it is held supported, vertically, by its own weight, onthe forefinger of the left hand and'the thumb of the right hand of theop erato-r under the lugs '41- a. In that position the pendulum being freely pivoted at E it will always hang plumb, or vertical. With the eye at the sighting'end, and looking along the line 2, to the foresight l), as shown, the sighting edge of the instrument (is brought parallel, either approximately or by sighting at the heightof the eye of an assistant or upon a graduated rod held by him,'the instrument being moved in a vertical plane for the purpose, and as the pen dulum hangs plumb, by its own weight, the

graduations rotate by it until the instrument is brought to rest when it is then turned over on its side,- with vthe graduations uppermost the layer of cloth, rubber, or other material e, on the back of the pendulum increasing,

the friction and aiding the pendulum in clinging to the face ofthe instrument without slipping, and the rise or fall of the slope is read on the outer are by means of the channeled line d at the lower side of the lower opening in the pendulum. In Fig. 1 the pendulum'records' a rise of 192 "feet, as near as it can be read. It is not necessary to havea measured base to ascertain slopes, asthey' maybe of any length, but the rise of any slope having an ascertained length other than the feet on'which the graduations are'based, is found by multiplying the rise indicated by the instrument by the ascertained length expressed in decimal parts of 100 feet.

' read the angle of the slope on the inner graduated arc marked degreesand multiply the cosine of the angle found by the slope distance. In the drawing the angle is 62-} degrees, its cosine being .4617 5. Ifthe slope.

distance is 184.1 feet, then, .46175X1'84.1=85 feet linear, horizontal distance.

Third. To measure the heights of trees to ascertain the number of 16 ft. logs they contain. Handle the instrument the same as in the other instances, but from the end of a 100 ft. base measured from tree under consideration, and sight up the tree to where it is estimated the top log out will come and read, direct, the number of logs on the middle graduated are. In the drawing the pendulum indicates exactly 12 logs. Should the base line be. increased to 200 feet the figures of the middle graduated arc will be doubled.

Fourth. To measure horizontal angles, For-this purpose the instrument is held or laid fiatwlse, or horizontal, with'lthe' pendulum uppermost and resting on the face of the plate above the graduations. Held or laid in this position the sighting edge is brought, as near as possible, coincident with a known or established line at the intersection of the line the angle ofswhich, with the other line, is to be found, and with the operator standing at as,- and usin the pendulum as a pointer he places it 1n the direction required, with his hand, the pendulum indicating onthe inner arc the complement of the angle inclosed between the two lines.

As designed and shown in the drawing the instrument will only approximately determine. horizontal angles. T hey' can be determined more accurately by attaching folding sights to the upper side of the pendulum.

\ In, additiontowhat has beenfully eirplained the instrument canbe provided withthe pendulum clamp H, shown in Fig. 2 to hold the pendulum fixed in any position in which it may hang or be placed with reference to the plate. This clamp 'is made of flat, spring material about 2; inch wide, and

bent in-the shape shown in the drawing.

The lower end is secured to the back of the plate by the fastenings h. Fig. 2, the upper end being perforated, or forked, to surround the pivot E which is made of sufiicient length to have longitudinal play, the pressure ofthe spring-clamp keeping the pivot, normally, pulled in the direction that causes Given the rise shown of 192 feet for a linear horizontal distance of 85 feet,

its head, at E, to hold the pendulum tight against a washer interposed between it and the face of the plate,.thus clamping it. To

free the pendulum so it can swing freely the clamp spring and pivot 'end against which the spring bears, directly, or through-a washer, are pressed inward toward the plate with the finger of the right hand, thus relieving the pressure of the spring on the pendulum and unclamping it. 'Should it be desired to protect the graduations from Wear without obscuring their visibility a sheet of transparent celluloid may be placed over them and be held in place either by the flanged rim 9, shown in the drawings, or by other mechanical means. i

What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:

1. A surveying instrument consisting of an are shaped plate having one edge formed as a sighting line, a free swinging, normally vertically hanging pendulum pivoted to the center of its arc, and directly thereto, and having at its lower end openings with a channeled line in their lower sides for, reading graduated spacings placed upon the plate on radial lines of the arc of the plate and with the'zero line of. such graduations at right angles to the sighting line of the instrument, substantially as set forth.

.2. A surveying instrument consisting of an arc shaped, integral plate having one edge formed as a sighting line. a front sight extremities of the sighting line for support-- 'ing the instrument vertical in the plane of" the line of sight by its ownweight, a free 7 swinging. normally vertically hanging pendulum pivoted directly to the'plate at the center ofits arc and having at its lower end openings with a channeled line in their lower sides for reading graduated spacings placed upon the plate on radial lines of the arcof.

the plate and with the zero line of such graduations at right angles to the sighting line of the instrument, substantially as set forth.

3. A surveying instrumentconsisting of an are shaped plate having one edge formed as a sighting line. a free swinging. normally vertically hanging pendulum .pivoted di-- rectlv to the plate at the center of itsarc and having at its lower end means forread ing gradua ed spacings placed upon the and with the zero line of suchflgraduations at right angles to thesighting line of .the instrument; hand has integral with. the plate for supporting it vertically suspended plate on radial lines of the arc of the plate in theplane of the line of sight; and'a' hand releasing spring clamp attached to the back-top of the plate and acting to confine thependulum in fixed position on the face of the instrument, substantially as set forth.

l. A surveyinginstrument consistin of an'arc shaped base plate, a graduated-s eet superimposed on the face of the base plate,

a retaining flange se'cured'to the edge of the plate for holding the g raduated sheet in po-- sition thereon, and a free'swinging'pendulum'secured to'the late atthe center common to thearc ft e plate and the arc of the graduations and having at its lower end',

means for reading the graduations ofthe sheet, substantially as set forth.

5. In a hand operatedsurveying instrument the combination of'an are shaped plate having upon its face graduations formed on radial lines of the are of the plate, and having a sighting line formed on one edge at right-angles. to the zero 'lineof itsi graduations and with a sight pin at one extremity thereof, of a free swin in normally vertically hanging pendulum pivoted to the plate at the center common to its arc and the are of the cgraduations provided with a fric tional surface acting upon the face of the graduated plate, said pendulum having separate openings at the lower end thereof spanning the graduations and figuresfiap plying thereto and havmg indicating lines in the lower side of the openings coincident with the middle, normal line out the as 1 lum for reading the graduations ofthe plate arcsf graduated upon radial lines of the arc of the plate, and with one edge formed as a sighting line with a sight pin at one extremity thereof; a free swinging normall vertically whanging pendulum p voted (11-,

rectly 'to the plate at'the center of its arc, and having at its lowerend separate open-- lngs spanning the aduated lines and figures of th difi'eren "arcs and with an indicating line in the lower side of each opening coincident with the middle, normal line of the pendulum for mar ing off and determining the extent of'the different gradua- 1 tions reached. asthe plate is turned in a vertical plane, substantially for the pur-- posesset forth. a e

. MADISON J. LORRAINE. Witnesses: 4 E. MJGamn LLOYD H. PA'rrEnsoN. 

